Methodology & worked examples

Everything below is real output, not a screenshot.

A simulated tournament, a lineup report and a no-vig odds comparison, each generated by our engine and then frozen on this page, so you can check the arithmetic yourself before paying us anything. The examples date from 2026-08-19; the engine has been updated since, and the note under the first example says what changed.

Last reviewed 21 October 2026: methods and supported sports checked against the engine as it runs today.

Your first build, in five steps
  1. Choose your platform and slate. NFL or college football, or NBA as a beta, on DraftKings or FanDuel, Classic or Showdown and single game. College basketball is not open yet. Pick a loaded slate, or upload the salary or player list CSV for the slate you are playing. What works today.
  2. Choose the contest. Pick a real contest, or set the field size, entry fee and payout shape.
  3. Build. Lock or exclude players, then generate lineups against a simulated field.
  4. Inspect. Compare lineups by their rank in the simulation, their ownership and expected duplicates. On DraftKings NFL Classic the builder also shows cash and top 10% estimates corrected to real contest results; elsewhere those columns are ranks.
  5. Export. Download an upload-ready CSV for DraftKings or FanDuel.

The worked examples below are real engine output from 2026-08-19, frozen so you can check the arithmetic.

01 · Simulated tournament

A $20 entry into a 150,000-entrant tournament

A worked example from August 2026, on an older engine. Tested against real contests since, raw simulated ROI ran too high, so the builder no longer shows it: it ranks lineups by expected return and shows calibrated cash and top-10% estimates where we have tested them, and ranks elsewhere. The numbers below explain how the engine reasons; they are not what the builder shows today. See how we test it.

The engine builds an opposing field of 10,000 lineups from projected ownership, simulates the slate 5,000 times with players correlated inside their own games, and ranks every lineup by expected return against a payout curve built from that contest's settings (the same approximation described under Methodology below, not the contest's exact prize table), choosing on one half of the draws and reporting the other. This run scored 10,000 lineups in 23.5 seconds.

Entrants
150,000
Field simulated
10,000
Draws
5,000
Field average ROI
-15.00%
That last number is the one to check us on. Every entrant in a tournament collectively loses exactly the rake and nothing else, so the average return across the whole simulated field has to be −15.00% for a 15% rake. Ours is -15.00%. If a simulator cannot reproduce that identity it is quietly inventing or destroying prize money, and every ROI it shows you is wrong. Where the reference field is available, our engine rescales simulated payouts to the contest's rake, so this number checks the accounting. It does not show that the projections are accurate.
#LineupSalaryAvg score ROI (simulated)Cash %OwnershipTop 1%
1QBJared GoffRBChase BrownRBDe'Von AchaneWRAmon-Ra St. BrownWRGarrett WilsonWRMichael WilsonTESam LaPortaTEDalton SchultzDSTChargers$50,000130.5635%31.6%131%3.66%
2QBTua TagovailoaRBBijan RobinsonRBOmarion HamptonWRDrake LondonWRZay FlowersWRGarrett WilsonWRWan'Dale RobinsonTEHarold Fannin Jr.DSTRaiders$49,900130.1218%29.6%164%2.78%
3QBDaniel JonesRBBijan RobinsonRBChase BrownWRChris OlaveWRAlec PierceWRMichael WilsonWRWan'Dale RobinsonTEDallas GoedertDSTRavens$49,800135.8564%40.9%173%3.60%
4QBCam WardRBChase BrownRBKenny GainwellWRAmon-Ra St. BrownWRChris OlaveWRGarrett WilsonWRWan'Dale RobinsonTETucker KraftDSTEagles$49,900129.174%30.2%155%3.28%
5QBC.J. StroudRBDe'Von AchaneRBD'Andre SwiftWRJa'Marr ChaseWRNico CollinsWRMichael WilsonWRWan'Dale RobinsonTEDalton SchultzDSTEagles$49,800125.7457%23.0%133%1.86%
6QBJared GoffRBBijan RobinsonRBChase BrownWRNico CollinsWRGarrett WilsonWRWan'Dale RobinsonWRDevaughn VeleTESam LaPortaDSTChargers$49,800127.142%25.3%143%2.10%
7QBJustin HerbertRBChase BrownRBDerrick HenryWRZay FlowersWRWan'Dale RobinsonWRQuentin JohnstonTETrey McBrideTESam LaPortaDSTRaiders$49,900131.572%32.9%198%2.26%
8QBJustin HerbertRBBijan RobinsonRBKenny GainwellWRChris OlaveWRGarrett WilsonWRDK MetcalfWRMichael WilsonTESam LaPortaDSTJaguars$50,000132.2313%35.5%135%4.14%

Generated 2026-08-19. The ROI column is not sorted, and that is deliberate. Lineups are ordered by the engine's own ranking, made on one half of the draws; the ROI shown is what each earned on the other half. Sorting the board by that column would just promote whichever lineup got luckiest in the half being reported, which is the exact bias the split exists to remove. When a tool's headline number always sorts perfectly, it is worth asking whether it was chosen and scored on the same draws, because that alone would inflate it.

These are raw simulated numbers from an older version of the engine. When we later checked the simulator against 550 real DraftKings NFL Classic contests from 2024 and 2025, raw simulated return, cash and top 1% figures like these ran roughly two to three times higher than real contests paid out, and simulated return averaged +160% where a real-return proxy averaged −35%. The lineup builder no longer shows them raw: it shows cash and top 10% corrected to real results and the rest as ranks. How our model works has the details.
02 · Lineup report

What the engine knows about one lineup

QBJared GoffRBChase BrownRBDe'Von AchaneWRAmon-Ra St. BrownWRGarrett WilsonWRMichael WilsonTESam LaPortaTEDalton SchultzDSTChargers
ROI (out of sample)
635%
August 2026 engine, simulated. No longer shown in the builder.
Cash rate
31.6%
Salary used
$50,000
Avg score
130.5
Cumulative ownership
131%
Expected duplicates
0.36
Average finish
58,556
Best finish seen
8
Worst finish seen
149,378
Finishes top 1%
3.66%
Finishes top 5%
11.36%
Finishes top 20%
31.62%
The gap we publish on purpose. Ranked on the same draws that scored it, this lineup looked like 837%. Measured on draws that had no say in it being chosen, it is 635%. The difference is luck, not edge. Choosing a lineup and reporting its result on the same draws inflates the number, so ATO keeps the two sets of draws apart in its default tournament ranking.
03 · No-vig odds comparison

NE @ SEA, with the juice removed

A −110/−110 market implies 52.4% + 52.4% = 104.8%. That extra 4.8% is the house's cut, not anybody's opinion. Strip it out and you can see what each book actually thinks, and what you are paying for the privilege.

BookHomeAwayRaw implied HoldFair home %
DraftKings-110-110104.76%4.76%50.00%
FanDuel-112-108104.75%4.75%50.43%

On this game FanDuel has the slightly lower combined overround, though the better price still depends on which side you take, and the books disagree by 0.43 points of fair probability once the vig is stripped. Neither is visible on the raw price.

04 · Methodology

How the simulator actually works

Projections come first, and they are ours. Betting lines and DFS salaries are inputs; other sites' projections are not. For the NFL, each team's passing yards are projected as one number from its implied total, the spread and its recent passing volume, then split between the quarterback and his receivers, so the pieces add up (since 17 October 2026). The NFL projection you build with blends that number with what the DraftKings salary implies. NBA projections (beta) are expected minutes times a per-minute rate, with each player's chance of playing estimated from his recent availability.

Injury news is read through the day. For the NFL we read the league's official practice and game-status reports, daily depth charts and weekly rosters every hour, and every 20 minutes on game days; for college football, the availability reports Power 4 schools publish. A player listed out or doubtful is removed, a questionable one is discounted, and on NFL Classic slates a player who will not dress (a practice-squad player, for example) is left out. If news lands after you build, the builder says so and offers to re-run the sims or late swap the lineups on screen (Classic slates).

The field is people, not optimizers. A tournament is not won against the best lineups, it is won against the lineups people actually enter. We build the opposing field from projected ownership with a per-lineup appetite for chalk, quarterback stacking and bring-backs, so it contains both the chalk-chasers and the contrarians a real contest has.

Players are correlated inside their game. Scores are drawn jointly through each game's correlation structure, not independently. A quarterback's ceiling and his receiver's ceiling arrive together, because in football they do.

Every player's range is shaped to his projection. Outcomes are shaped to that player's own projection and position: the NFL ranges come from historical results for similarly projected players at the same position, scaled to his projection, rather than a generic curve scaled off his median.

Prizes follow a payout curve built from your contest's settings. The curve uses the entry count, fee, rake, share of entries paid and first-place share, so it approximates the real prize table rather than copying it. Rank is read from where a lineup finished in the simulated field, then mapped to the block of places on that curve it stands for. Duplication is charged once, when copies genuinely spill past that block.

ROI is measured out of sample. The engine ranks lineups on one half of the draws and reports their return from the other half. Ranking thousands of lineups by a noisy estimate and then quoting the winner's own number always flatters it. That gap is luck, and we throw it away rather than sell it to you.

Which tools this describes. The lineup builder (/dfs/build/) and the top plays on the optimizer (/dfs/optimizer/) both rank this way: lineups are chosen on one half of the draws and their return is reported from the other. Top-1% finish rate is not the ranking key, and the builder shows it as a rank rather than a percentage, because the raw rates ran high against real contests. Method in place since 18 August 2026, checked against the production engine (build 9ee914a) on 15 September 2026. The worked example above was frozen on 2026-08-19 with the same method.

Depth is not a luxury. How much of the top 150 repeats between two runs depends on the slate and on whether the candidate lineups are regenerated. In our 30 September study on 550 NFL contests, with the candidate lineups held fixed, the median overlap at 5,000 draws was 43%. When the whole build was re-seeded, the overlap was 0 to 2%. We publish that because it is the honest limit of what a single lineup's ROI can tell you.

How it has held up. The ownership test, the field scorecard and the track record of our projections, props and college lines, misses included, are on How Our Model Works.

What we do not claim. This does not predict football. It prices decisions under uncertainty and tells you how often a lineup wins in a simulated world built from our projections. If those projections are wrong, everything downstream is wrong, and the rake check above cannot catch that.

See it on this week's slate

The numbers above are frozen so you can audit them. The live tool runs the same engine against the current week, with your contest's size, entry fee and payout settings.

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